'BABEL' - a Multi-Lingual database for the Vernacular Names of European Wild Plants.

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Latin is the universal language of botanists. Apart from those necessary taxonomic changes which can be so hard to keep up with, Latin is a constant, a linguistic link. Botanists from all over the world understand each other because plant names are standard, and species are first described and published in Latin. The binomial system is Linnaeus' great legacy, which it would be difficult ever to replace.

But we should not forget the local names which people have been using for centuries, different in each country, each region, in every valley or village in some cases! At times these names are pure poetry, and we shouldn't lose them! Because I'm English, I'm most familiar with the English names, but I believe the same is true of every country world wide. The traditional names of our wild plants embody fragments of history, folk-lore, witchcraft, and medicine, and constitute another legacy, in a different currency, and every bit as precious as that which Linnaeus gave us in the service of Science.

In my innocence, I don't even know exactly how many languages I am attempting to deal with yet - from Ethnologue (at the last reckoning) it would seem to be over two hundred. The ones I have come across so far are listed below, with some of the sources I've been given by so many people, many of whom I've contacted via the web. My thanks to them all!

• If you are European, and your native language is not represented here, please let us know at least that!
• If you have some plant names for us so much the better. It doesn't matter if there are one or two, or a whole flora full, we would like to know. Best of all of course is anything that is already in electronic form. The names need to be linked to their currently-used Latin ones of course so that they can be compared.
• It is also important to have the database named in its own language, so please tell us the name you give to the language you speak! (And if you don't like the look of the flag we have used to identify your language or dialect, or there isn't one shown - Breton, Catalan and Mallorcan, Corsican, Belgium Dutch, Fries, the three languages of the Sami group and Sardinian, for example, are all still missing - please send us a correct version!)
• If you would be prepared to translate the text you're reading now into your own language, in order to create multilingual versions of this page, we'd also like to hear from you.
• Sadly the site is not searchable and can only act as a bibliography for the foreseeable future, although anyone with a fairly serious purpose is welcome to any information they care to request.

NB: There is very little of our data actually on the web - please ask (see the 'Webmaster' link at the foot of the page), and we will try to show you what you want. Commercial operations may be asked for an appropriate fee.

Our thanks to the numerous individuals who have responded recently to our request for help, including, among many others:
 
 

Many works in our bibliography give botanical names, as opposed to 'folk' names, i.e. 'translations' of scientific names, and as such may not be found of appreciable linguistic value. The complete list of such books could be long indeed, but a selection are included here for lack of better information.

A

KOL? PAPARISTO (chief ed.), MUSTAFA DEMIRI, ILIA MITRUSHI & QOSJA, XHAFER, 1988. Flora e Shqip?ris? (Flore de l'Albanie). Vol. 1.

QOSJA, XHAFER (chief ed.), KOL? PAPARISTO, MUSTAFA DEMIRI, JANI VANGJELI & EMIN BALZA. 1992. Flora e Shqip?ris? (Flore de l'Albanie). Vol. 2.

QOSJA, XHAFER (chief ed.), KOL? PAPARISTO, JANI VANGJELI & BABI RUCI, 1996. Flora e Shqip?ris? (Flore de l'Albanie). Vol. 3.

VANGJELI, JANI (chief ed.), BABI RUCI, ALFRED MULLAJ, KOL? PAPARISTO & XHAFER QOSJA, 2000. /Flora e Shqip?ris? (Flore de l'Albanie). Vol. 4.

Alsatian:

Aragonés:

Saule, Marcel. 'La grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées'. Randonées Pyrenées & Editions Milan. Common names in French, Aragonais, Catalan, Euskera & Occitan. ISBN 2.86726.739.0 (Randonées Pyrénées) and ISBN 2.905521.47.3 (Editions Milan)

B

Breton:

Bulgarian: [6]

Velchev, V., 1982, 1989. Flora na Narodna Republika Bulgaria, vols 8-9.

Kozhuharov, S., 1995, Flora na Republika Bulgaria, vol 10.

Polunin, O. 'Flowers of Greece and the Balkans' (Roman alphabet), Oxford University Press, 1987

Stojanov, N., B. Stefanov & B. Kitanov, 1966-1967. Flora na Bulgaria, vols 1-2..

C

Catalan (català): [4394]

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Saule, Marcel. 'La grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées'. Randonées Pyrenées & Editions Milan. Common names in French, Aragonais, Catalan, Euskera & Occitan. ISBN 2.86726.739.0 (Randonées Pyrénées) and ISBN 2.905521.47.3 (Editions Milan)

Francesc Masclans. Ed. Montblanc-Martin. 'ELS NOMS DE LES PLANTES ALS PAÏSOS CATALANS'. Granollers. (1981).

Oriol de Bolos, Josep vigo, Ramon M. Masalles, Josep M. Ninot. Ed, Portic 'FLORA MANUAL DELS PAISOS CATALANS'.  SA. Barcelona (1990).

Oriol de Bolos i Josep Vigo. Ed Barcino. 'FLORA DELS PAÏSOS CATALANS'. (1,2,3 vol., incompleta) . Barcelona (1995)

D. Rivera Núñez. La guía incafo de las plantas útiles y venenosas de la peninsula ibérica y baleares. Ed. Incafo S.A.. Madrid. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano, Eusquera, Alemán, Francés, Gallego, Ingles, Portugués) ISBN 84-85389-83-2

Mª Àngels Bonet i Galobart. Etnobotànica de la Vall del Tenes. Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat. Barcelona. 1993 (Català). ISBN 84-7826-402-7

Luis Mulet Pascual. Estudio etnobotánico de la Provincia de Castellón. Diputacio de Castelló. Castelló. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano) ISBN 84-86895-24-3

Luis Mulet Pascual. Flora tóxica de la Comunidad Valenciana. Diputacio de Castelló. Castelló. 1997 (Catalán, Castellano) ISBN 84-86895-88-X

F. Masclans. Guia per a coneixer els arbusts i les lianes. Ed Montblanc-CEC. Barcelona. 1989 ISBN 84-85135-31-8 (Catalán, Castellano)

F. Masclans. Guia per a conèixer els arbres. Ed Montblanc-CEC. Barcelona. 1981 ISBN84-85135-10-5 (Catalán, Castellano)

L. Villar et al. Plantas medicinales del Pirineo Aragonés. CSIC. Huesca. 1987. ISBN 84-505-5256-7 (Catalán, Castellano)
 
 

Channel Islands French: [430]

Le Sueur, Frances (1984) "Flora of Jersey", published by Société Jersiaise. Nearly 300 of the existing Jersey-French names.

Bonnard, B.J "Channel Island Plant Lore" (1993). The Guernsey Press Co. A list of 264 plants with Guernsey, Jersey and a very few Alderney, patois names, with Latin & English names for comparison.

Marquand, E.D. Marquand "Transactions" of La Société Guernesiaise 1905, pp 31-47. An article containing a list of about 230 Guernsey dialect names.

de Garis, Marie "Dictiounnaire Angllais/Guernesiais" (1982) pub Phillimore.

Métivier G."Dictionnaire Franco-Normand, ou recueil des mots particuliers au dialecte de Guernsesey" (1870)

Héricher, Edouard "Philologie de la Flore scientifique et populaire de Normandie et d'Angleterre" (pre 1900) .

Joret, Prof. Charles "Flore populaire de la Normandie" (1887) .

"An Elizabethan Guernseyman's MS book of Gardening and Medical Secrets" (a 1589 MS in the Priaulx Library) contains some interesting patois names - both the original and an English translation by Doris Cook, were published together in 1972 in "The Channel Islands Annual Anthology 1972-1973", pp 13-39 by Toucan Press, Guernsey.

le Maistre, Frank "Dictionnaire Jersiais/Français (1966), pub. Don Balleine Trust. A very extensive dictionary of Jersey-French, not examined in detail for plant names, but probably quite a rich source.

Gosselin, Joshua (ed. David McLintock). Flora Sarniensis, Guernsey's Oldest Flora. Ray Society reprint 1982.

Brian Bonnard's web site notes other books available and their sources.

Cornish:

There is now available a list of plant names compiled in the early nineteen eighties in Falmouth by Neil Kennedy and E.G.R. Hooper, edited and provided by N.J.A. Williams. This is, as far as we are aware, the only list of plant names available in Cornish.

Corsican (Corse): [60]

Croat (Hravatski jezik) [748] (see also 'Yugoslav' below):

Czech (Cestina): [1034] +[840]

D

Danish (Danske): [133]

Hansen, Kjeld. Ed. 'Dansk Feltflora'

Landwehr, J. ed (1982) Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

Mosberg, Bo, Stenberg, Lennart 'Den store nordiske flora' translated and revised by J. Feilberg and B. Löjtnant (G.E.C.Gads Forlag, Copenhagen 1994).

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

Dutch (Nederlands) [2277]:

Landwehr, J. ed (1982) Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

E

English:

Bonnard, Brian (1994) A new check list of the flowering plants, trees & rens wild on Alderney and its off-islets. Guernsey.

Brako, Lois, A.Y. Rossman, D.F. Farr (1995) Scientific and common names of 7,000 vascular plants in the United States. St. Paul.: APS Press, American Phytopathological Society.

Clapham A.R., T.G. Tutin & D.M. Moore (1987) Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge.

Clason, W.E. (1989) Elsevier's dictionary of wild and cultivated plants in Latin, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and German. Amsterdam.

Creber, Geoffrey, and Murray Wrobel (1996) Elsevier's Dictionary of Plant Names. Elsevier Science Ltd.

Clement, F.J. & M.C. Foster (1994) Alien plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles. London.

Coombes, A.J. (l987) The Collingridge dictionary of plant names. Twickenham.

Dony, J.G., S.L. Jury & F.H. Perring (1986) English names of wild flowers.

Fitter, R. & Alastair Fitter (1980) The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. London.

Fitter, R. & A.Fitter (1984) Collins guide to the grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns of Britain and Northern Europe. London.

Gerth van Wijk, H.L. (1909,1916) A dictionary of plant- names. Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem, The Hague.

Haslam, S., Ch. Sinker & P. Wolseley (1975) British Water plants. Field Studies, 4, 243-351.

Hay, R. ed. (1978) Reader's digest encyclopaedia of garden plants and flowers. London & New York.

Heukels, H. (1911) Lijst van Nederlandsche, Hoogduitsche, Fransche en Engelsche namen van planten. In: De Flora van Nederland deel 1. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Humphries, C.J., J.P. Press & D.A. Sutton (1982) The Hamlyn guide to the trees of Britain and Europe. London etc.

Hubbard, C.E. (1976) Grasses. Harmondsworth.

Huxley, A. (1973) Mountain flowers in colour. London.

Hyam, R. & R. Pankhurst (1995) Plants and their names, a concise dictionary. Oxford.

Jermy, A.C. & T.G. Tutin (1982) Sedges of the British Isles. London.

Knobel, E. (1977) Field guide to the grasses, sedges and rushes of the United States. New York.

Landolt, Elias (1969) Unsere Alpenflora. Wallisellen.

Macura, P. (1979) Elsevier's dictionary of botany. I. plant names in English, French, German, Latin and Russian. Amsterdam etc.{min. LNV}

Mansfield, G.B., M. Wallis, S.G. Harrison & B.E. Nicholson (1975) The oxford book of food plants. Altrincham.

Mitchell, A. (1974) A field guide to the trees of Britain and Northern Europe. London.

Nijdam, J. (1961) Tuinbouwkundig woordenboek in acht talen. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, 's Gravenhage. {CBS}

Nikolov, Hristo, Ed J Cramer, Berlin, (1996), Dictionary of plant Names in Latin, German, English and French", ISBN 3-443-50019-6. 14500 scientific names of botanical species and their correspondance in the three languages.

Peterson, R.T. & M. McKenny (1968) A fieldguide to wildflowers Northeastern / Northcentral North America. Boston.

Petrides, George A. (1972) A Field guide to trees and shrubs. Boston.

Polunin, O. (1969) Flowers of Europe. London.

Stace, C. (1991) New flora of the British Isles. Cambridge.

Step, E. (1949) Wayside and woodland ferns. London & New York.

Terrell, Edward E., Steven R. Hill, John H. Wiersema & William E. Rice (1986) A checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. United States Department of Agriculture. (Now revised and enlarged to include nearly 10,000 spp. Site can be visited at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/taxecon.html)

Vaucher, H. (1986) Elsevier's dictionary of trees and shrubs in Latin, English, French, German, Italian. Amsterdam etc.

Williams, G.H. (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Western Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc.

Williams, G. & H. Hunyadi (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Eastern Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, English, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat and Slovak. Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc.

Chambers, John. Wild Flower Gardening, Ward Lock, 1989

Bellamy, David. The Queen's Hidden Garden. Buckingham Palace's Treasury of Wild Plants, David &: Charles, 1984

Mabey, Richard. Flora Britannica. The Handbook, supplement to BBC Wildlife Magazine, March 1992

Reader's Digest Association. Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain, 1981

Milner, Edward J. The Tree Book, Collins &: Brown, 1992

Lang, David. The Wild Flower Finder's Calendar, Ebury Press, 1983

Clare, John (edited by Robinson, Eric, Summerfield, Geoffrey, and Powell, David). The Shepherd's Calendar, Oxford University Press, 1993

Wrigley, Chris. William Barnes. The Dorset Poet, Dovecote Press, 1984

Humphries, C.J., and Shaughnessy, E. Gorse, Shire Natural History, 1987

Baker, Margaret. Folklore and Customs of Rural England, David &: Charles, 1974

Walters, Max. Wild & Garden Plants, HarperCollins, 1993

Rackham, Oliver. The History of the Countryside, J.M. Dent, 1986

Stevens, John. The National Trust Book of Wild Flower Gardening, Dorling Kindersley, 1987

Culpeper, Nicholas. Culpeper's Complete Herbal, Wordsworth Editions, 1995

Oxford University Press. Oxford English Dictionary, 1971

Leveson Gower, Granville. Glossary of Surrey Words, Oxford University Press, 1893

Howkins, Chris. Trees, Herbs and Charcoal Burners, Chris Howkins, 1994

le Rougetel, Hazel. The Chelsea Gardener. Philip Miller 1691-1771, British Museum (Natural History), 1990

Purseglove, Jeremy. Taming the Flood. A History and Natural History of Rivers and Wetlands, Oxford University Press, 1988

White, Gilbert (edited by Richard Mabey). The Natural History of Selborne, Century, 1988

Bonnier, Gaston (translated by Ethel Mellor). British Flora, J.M. Dent &: Sons, 1925

Allen, Noel, and Giddens, Caroline. Exmoor Wildlife, The Exmoor Press, 1989

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 68, January 1995, The Botanical Society of the British Isles

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 69, April 1995, The Botanical Society of the British Isles

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 70, September 1995, The Botanical Society of the British Isles

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 71, January 1996, The Botanical Society of the British Isles

French, C.N., and Murphy, R.J. Check-List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, Cornish Biological Records Centre, 1994 (modified April 1995). World Wide Web, University of Exeter (at http://www.ex.ac.uk/~cnfrench/ics/cbru/checklist/a1menu.htm)

Smythe, F.S. The Valley of Flowers, Cadogan Books, 1985

Coffeen, Mary. Central Coast Wildflowers, EZ Nature Books, California, USA, 1993

Grigson, Geoffrey. The Englishman's Flora, J.M. Dent &: Sons, 1987 facsimile of 1955 edition

Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G., and Warburg, E.F. Excursion Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 1989

Sanecki, Kay N. History of the English Herb Garden, Ward Lock, 1992

Coombes, Allen J. Dictionary of Plant Names, Reed International Books, 1994 [library book, re-borrow]

Stace, Clive. New Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 1995

Bentham, George (revised by Hooker, Sir J.D., and Rendle, A.B.). Handbook of the British Flora, L. Reeve &: Co., 1954

Vickery, Roy. A Dictionary of Plant Lore, Oxford University Press, 1995

Gordon, Lesley. A Country Herbal, Webb &: Bower, 1980

Woodward, Marcus (editor and abridger). Gerard's Herbal. The History of Plants, Senate (Studio Editions), 1994

Simonetti, Gualtiero (translated by Gilbert, John). The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices, Macdonald &: Co, 1991

Macleod, D. Key to the Names of British Plants, Sir Isaac Pitman &: Sons, 1952

Johnson, A.T., and Smith, H.A. Plant Names Simplified, Landsmans Bookshop, 1986

Raven, Charles E. John Ray, Naturalist. His Life and Works, Cambridge University Press, 1942

Davies, Paul and Jenne, and Huxley, Anthony. Wild Orchids of Britain and Europe, The Hogarth Press, 1988

Dony, G. J., Jury, S.l., and Perring, F.H. English Names of Wild Flowers, The Botanical Society of the British Isles, 1996 (2nd edition)

Ewen, A.H., and Prime, C.T. (translators and editors). Ray's Flora of Cambridgeshire. (Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium), Wheldon &: Wesley, 1975

Fitter, Richard, Fitter, Alistair, and Farrer, Ann, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, 1987

Karstad, Aleta. Canadian Nature Notebook, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1979.

Schröter, Professor C. and L. Coloured Vade-Mecum to the Alpine Flora, (revised by Dr. W. Lüdi), Albert Raustein, Zurich, 19??

Mabey, Richard. Food for Free. A guide to the edible wild plants of Britain, Fontana, 1976

Allaby, Michael (editor). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Botany, Oxford University Press, 1992

Stearn, William T. Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners, Cassell, 1992

Scott, Michael. Scottish Wild Flowers, Collins, 1995

Young, Andrew. A Prospect of Flowers, Viking, 1985 (Jonathan Cape, 1945)

Kaplan, Rabbi Aryeh. The Living Torah, Maznaim Publishing, New York, 1981

de Rougemont, G.M. A Field Guide to the Crops of Britain and Europe, Collins, 1989

Hubbard, C.E., revised by Hubbard, J.C.E. Grasses. A guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles, Penguin Books, 1984

Surrey Flora Committee, members of - oral, 11 August 1996

Whitehead, Mrs Ruth - oral, 24 August 1996

McLintock, David, and Fitter, S.R. The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers, Collins, 1956 (reprinted 1961)

Guidebook and plant list for Neot Kedumim reserve, Lod, Israel - 1992

Rose, Francis. The Wild Flower Key, Frederick Warne, 1981

Blamey, Marjorie, and Grey-Wilson, Christopher. The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe, Hodder and Stoughton, 1989

Polunin, Oleg, and Huxley, Anthony. Flowers of the Mediterranean, Hogarth Press, 1987

J.E. Lousley. Flora of Surrey, David &: Charles, 1976 (Loaned by Gwyneth Fookes.)

Livingston, A.D, and Livingston, Helen. The Wordsworth Guide to Edible Plants &: Animals, Wordsworth Editions, 1996 (previously published as Edible Plants &: Animals by Facts on File, USA, 1993)

Grieve, Mrs M. (edited by Leyel, Mrs C.F.). A Modern Herbal, Cresset Press, 1994 (originally, Jonathan Cape, 1931)

Hinckley Hausman, Ethel. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Wild Flowers, Garden City Publishing, New York, 1947

Alon, Azaria. 300 Wild Flowers of Israel, Steimatzky, Bnei-Brak, Israel

Howkins, Chris. The Dairymaids Flora [sic], Chris Howkins, 1994

Mabey, Richard. Flora Britannica. The definitive new guide to wild flowers, plants and trees, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996

Sankey, John - oral, 10 July 1993

Botanical Society of the British Isles. List of Gaelic and Irish plant names, from the BSBI database, Leicester University, 1996

Whitmore, Patrick. The Common Names of Wild Flowers in English and French, Packard Publishing, 1991

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 73, September 1996. The Botanical Society of the British Isles

Long, M. K. LongLastings, computer file, 1996 (Coupeville, Washington State, USA.)

Garden Plant Index (World Wide Web, at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~deb0www/dubg/bghomep.html). Durham University Botanic Gardens, 1996

Halliwell, James Orchard. A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words. Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the XIV Century, George Routledge and Sons. (1904 reprint of 1847 edition; loaned by Geoff Norman.)

Cundall, James. The Every-Day Book of Natural History, Jarrold &: Sons, 18??/19??

Bright, Henry. A Year in a Lancashire Garden, 1879. (Republished as A Year in a Victorian Garden, by Pyramid Books, 1989)

Evans, Ivor H. (editor). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell &: Company, 1974.

Vickery, Roy. Dialect Plant-Names, in BSBI News, No. 74, January 1997. The Botanical Society of the British Isles.

Phillips, Roger. Wild Flowers of Great Britain, Book Club Associates, 1978

Coffey, Timothy. The History and Folklore of North American Wildflowers, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, USA, 1994. (Originally published by Facts on File, New York, USA, 1993.)

Joint Nature Conservation Council. Plant list from the JNCC Recorder software package, extracted by Mike Thurner, 2 January 1997

Porta, Giovanni Baptista (1537-1615). Magia Naturalis [Natural Magick], translated, converted to electronic form and published on the Internet by Scott "Omar" Davis, of Silverdale, Washington, USA (World Wide Web at http://tscnet.com/pages/omard1)

Johns, Reverend C.A. Flowers of the Field, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894

Hulme, F. Edward. Familiar Wild Flowers, Cassell and Company, in five volumes, 18??/19?? (Loaned by Anne Richards.)

Leyel, Mrs C.F. Herbal Delights. Tisanes, Syrups, Confections, Electuaries, Robs, Juleps, Vinegars and Conserves, Faber and Faber, 1987 (Originally published in 1937; revised in 1947)

Gilmour, J.S.L. (editor). Thomas Johnson. Botanical Journeys in Kent &: Hampstead. A facsimile reprint with Introduction and Translation of his Iter Plantarum 1629 and Descriptio Itineris Plantarum 1632, The Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 1972.

Jermy, A.C., and Tutin, A.C. British Sedges. A handbook to the species of Carex found growing in the British Isles, The Botanical Society of the British Isles, 1968 (reprinted 1977)

Merryweather, James, and Hill, Michael. The Ferns Guide: an introductory guide to the ferns, clubmosses, quillworts and horsetails of the British Isles, in Field Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, December 1992, The Field Studies Council

Perring, F.H., and Walters, S.M (editors). Atlas of the British Flora, Thomas Nelson and Sons Limited, for the Botanical Society of the British Isles, 1962

Blunt, Wilfred, and Stearn, William T. The Art of Botanical Illustration, Antique Collectors' Club in association with The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 1994

Johnson, C. Pierpoint (illustrations by Sowerby, John E.). A Concise Encyclopedia of Wild Flowers, Wordsworth Editions, 1989 (original published 1860 by John E. Sowerby.)

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

Esperanto: [2174]

Pilger, Wouter F. "Provizora Privata Listo de Komunlingvaj Nomoj de Plantoj de Nord-okcidenta Europo." Vulpo 1982.
http://www.geocities.com/wfpilger/pplp-l3.htm
http://www.geocities.com/wfpilger/pplp-a5.htm  (ASCII)

Planto-Paghoj de la Reto-Klubo de Esperanto-Parolantaj Infanoj / Plant Pages of the Web Club of Esperanto Speaking Children (kun desegnoj / with drawings)
http://www.geocities.com/retoklubo/plant00l.html
http://www.geocities.com/retoklubo/plant00.html  (ASCII)

Wouter F. Pilger: Provizora Privata Listo de Legomoj de Nord-Okcidenta Europo
(legomoj en la merkato en N-Okc. Europo / vegetables on the market in NW Europe)
http://www.geocities.com/wfpilger/legomol3.htm
http://www.geocities.com/wfpilger/legomocx.htm (ASCII)

Euskera (Spanish Basque): [1]

'Flora Iberica'. Castroviejo, S. et al (eds). 1986 vols 1-8 to date. Real Jardin Botanico CSIC. Madrid. Notes on flowering times, line drawings of endemics, Common names in Castillian, Catalan, Galician, Euskera and Portuguese. INCOMPLETE at Dec 1986.

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Saule, Marcel. 'La grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées'. Randonées Pyrenées & Editions Milan. Common names in French, Aragonais, Catalan, Euskera & Occitan. ISBN 2.86726.739.0 (Randonées Pyrénées) and ISBN 2.905521.47.3 (Editions Milan)

D. Rivera Núñez. La guía incafo de las plantas útiles y venenosas de la peninsula ibérica y baleares. Ed. Incafo S.A.. Madrid. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano, Eusquera, Alemán, Francés, Gallego, Ingles, Portugués) ISBN 84-85389-83-2

Estonian: [96]

University of Tartu Library "Generic names of Plants in Latin, Estonian, English, German, Finnish and Russian"

F

Faeroese :

Finnish (Suomeksi) [3557]:

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

French (Français) [5,656]:

Blancke, Rolf 'Plantes des Caraïbes et d'Amérique centrale' Editions Eugen Euler 1999. (ISBN 2-84138-106-4)

Blamey, M. & C. Grey-Wilson "Toutes les fleurs de Méditerranée" Editions Delachaux et Niestlé. Ed. 1993.   ISBN 2-60-301179-0 (1056 plantes en latin, 1139 noms français)

Bolotina, Alexandra Ioudimovna 'Dictionnary of Medicinal Plants' (latin, english, german, russian). Year 1999. 1903 articles and approx 12 000 terms. Editor: Russo (117071 Moskau, Leninskii prospekt, dom 15, office 323. Tel: (7) 095 955-05-67, fax: (7) 095 237-25-02, e-mail: russopub@aha.ru). 384 pages, format 60x90/16, tirage 3060 exempl. ISBN: 5-88721-123-7.

Ce dictionnaire est présenté comme destiné aux médecins, pharmaciens, biologistes, et aux amateurs de botanique.

Constantin A. & P. Gave, 1908. Flore populaire de la Savoie. Annecy.

Creber, Geoffrey, and Murray Wrobel (1996) Elsevier's Dictionary of Plant Names. Elsevier Science Ltd.

Davies, P. & J. Davies & A. Huxley, 'Wild Orchids of Britain & Europe. Hogarth Press, London 1988

Straka, Haeupler, Lorens Garcia & Orell, 'Guide to the flora of Majorca' Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart & New York 1987

Dupias, Georges 'Fleurs du Parc National des Pyrenees', Parc National de Pyrenees 1987

Le Bellec, Fabrice et Valérie Renard 'Le grand livre des fruits tropicaux' (Editions Orphie) (éd. 1999, ISBN 2-87763-050-1)

Le Corre, Gildas et André Exbrayat 'Fleurs des Tropiques' Editions EXBRAYAT ed. n° 6 de 1993. ISBN 2-905873-00-0

Lamb, B.M., traduit par Thierry Pain "Guide des CACTUS du MONDE" paru chez Delachaux et Niestlé (1993) ISBN 2-603-00901-X.

Landolt & Urbanska 'Our Alpine Flora', SAC Publications 1989

Nikolov, Hristo, Ed J Cramer, Berlin, (1996), Dictionary of plant Names in Latin, German, English and French", ISBN 3-443-50019-6. 14500 noms scientifiques de genres botaniques et leurs correspondances dans les trois langues.

Polunin, O. 'Flowers of Europe' (1969). London.

Polunin & Smythies 'Flowers of South-West Europe', Oxford University Press 1973

Rameau, J-C., D. Mansion et G. Dumé. Le guide de la "Flore Forestière Française" a été édité par l'institut pour le développement forestier (au ministère de l'agriculture et de la pêche). Le tome 1 de traite des plantes de "plaines et collines" et le tome 2 des plantes de "montagne". Le tome 1 est sorti en 1989, et le tome 2 en 1993. J'estime que le guide présente environ 1600 plantes (avec 2100 noms latins). Parmi ces 1600 plantes, 1200 ont un nom français (ou plusieurs noms). Ces 1200 plantes totalisent environ 3500 noms français.

Rytz-Miller, Walter. Fleurs des Champs, Librarie Payot, Lausanne. 19??

Label on a packet of cornsalad from France, July 1996

Whitmore, Patrick. The Common Names of Wild Flowers in English and French, Packard Publishing, 1991

Boerhaave Beekman, W. (1964) Elsevier's Wood Dictionary in seven languages. English/American, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Dutch and German. vol 1. commercial and botanical nomenclature of world-timbers sources of supply. Amsterdam etc. {min. LNV}

Bonnier, G. & G. de Layens (1970) Flore compl la France de la Suisse et de la Belgique. Paris.

Clason, W.E. (1989) Elsevier's dictionary of wild and cultivated plants in Latin, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and German. Amsterdam.

Durheim, Carl Jakob, 1856. Schweizerisches Pflanzen-Idiotikon. Ein Wörterbuch von Pflanzenbennungungen in den verschiedenen Mundarten der deutschen, franzö sischen und italienischen Schweiz, nebst deren lateinischen, französischen un deutschen Namen. Reprint 1990 Vaduz, Liechtenstein. [names in Schwyzertütsch (German Swiss), French, Rheto-Romansh and Italian]

Desfayes, Michel, 2002. Noms dialectaux des végétaux du Valais romand. Bulletin de la Murithienne 120: 57-111. Sion, Suisse.

Garnier, Pierre, Ed Maloine, (1987) Les herbes, les arbres, les peuples. Leurs noms comparaisons et corrélations" ISBN 2-224-01715-4. Ouvrage général sur le phytonymie.

Gerth van Wijk, H.L. (1909,1916) A dictionary of plant- names. Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem, The Hague.

Heukels, H. (1911) Lijst van Nederlandsche, Hoogduitsche, Fransche en Engelsche namen van planten. In: De Flora van Nederland deel 1. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Landolt, Elias (1969) Unsere Alpenflora. Wallisellen.

Lange, J.E. de et al. (1983) Flora van Belgi , het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden. Nationale Plantentuin van Belgi . Meise.

Macura, P. (1979) Elsevier's dictionary of botany. I. plant names in English, French, German, Latin and Russian. Amsterdam etc. {min. LNV}

Nijdam, J. (1961) Tuinbouwkundig woordenboek in acht talen. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, 's Gravenhage. {CBS}

Polunin, O. (1969) Flowers of Europe. London.

Rolland, Eugene. Flore Populaire de la France in 11 volumes Paris 1896 - 1911. Basic work on French, Belgian and Alpine phytonymy.

Saule, Marcel. 'La grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées'. Randonées Pyrenées & Editions Milan. Common names in French, Aragonais, Catalan, Euskera & Occitan. ISBN 2.86726.739.0 (Randonées Pyrénées) and ISBN 2.905521.47.3 (Editions Milan)

Thommen, E. (1973) Taschenatlas der schweizer Flora. Basel & Stuttgart.

Vaucher, H. (1986) Elsevier's dictionary of trees and shrubs in Latin, English, French, German, Italian. Amsterdam etc. {RH, min. LNV}

Williams, G.H. (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Western Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc. {min. LNV}

Williams, G. & H. Hunyadi (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Eastern Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, English, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat and Slovak. Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc. {min. LNV}

Frysk (West Frisian): [686]

Franke, D. & D.T.E. van der Ploeg 'Plantenamen yn Fryslan'.(1955). Leeuwarden.

Van Der Haring, Egbert, pers. comm.

North Frisian is spoken in Foehr, Amrum and some other small islands off the coast of German Schleswig. It is also spoken in a  curious Sprachinsel in Oldenburg. The area is known as Saterland and there are still a few thousand speakers.

Friulano [0]: (from Friuli-Venezia Giulia)

G

Gallego (a language of north-western Spain, from the same origins as Portuguese) : [5]

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Castroviejo, S. et al (eds). 'Flora Iberica'. 1986 vols 1-8 to date. Real Jardin Botanico CSIC. Madrid. Common names in Castillian, Catalan, Galician, Euskera and Portuguese. INCOMPLETE at Dec 1986.

D. Rivera Núñez. La guía incafo de las plantas útiles y venenosas de la peninsula ibérica y baleares. Ed. Incafo S.A.. Madrid. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano, Eusquera, Alemán, Francés, Gallego, Ingles, Portugués) ISBN 84-85389-83-2

German (Deutsch) [6,193]:

Aichele, D. & M. Golte-Bechte, 'Was blüht denn da? Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen  Mitteleuropas'. Kosmos Naturführer, Stuttgart 1986. (has variant names and brief mention of uses as Heilpflanze etc.)

Binz, August (1973) Schul- und Exkursionsflora für die Schweiz. Basel.

Bjarnason, Ágúst, 'Skrá yfir plöntunöfn', Reykjavik 1987

Creber, Geoffrey, and Murray Wrobel (1996) Elsevier's Dictionary of Plant Names. Elsevier Science Ltd.

Davies, P. & J. Davies & A. Huxley, 'Wild Orchids of Britain & Europe. Hogarth Press, London 1988

Straka, Haeupler, Lorens Garcia & Orell, 'Guide to the flora of Majorca' Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart & New York 1987

Landolt & Urbanska, 'Our Alpine Flora' SAC Publications 1989

Nikolov, Hristo, Ed J Cramer, Berlin, (1996), Dictionary of plant Names in Latin, German, English and French", ISBN 3-443-50019-6. 14500 noms scientifiques de genres botaniques et leurs correspondances dans les trois langues.

Polunin, O. (1969) Flowers of Europe. London.

Boerhaave Beekman, W. (1964) Elsevier's Wood Dictionary in seven languages. English/American, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Dutch and German. vol 1. commercial and botanical nomenclature of world-timbers sources of supply. Amsterdam etc. {min. LNV}

Clason, W.E. (1989) Elsevier's dictionary of wild and cultivated plants in Latin, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and German. Amsterdam.

Ebert, Günther & Erwin Rennwald (Hrsg.) (1991) Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. (2 banden). Stuttgart.

Encke, F., G. Buchheim & S. Seybold (1984) Zander Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. Stuttgart.

Gerth van Wijk, H.L. (1909,1916) A dictionary of plant- names. Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem, The Hague.

Glaser, L. (1890) Botanisches Taschenwörterbuch. Weigel

Haeupler, H. & P. Schönfelder (1989) Atlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen der Bundesrepubliek Deutschland. Stuttgart.

Heukels, H. (1911) Lijst van Nederlandsche, Hoogduitsche, Fransche en Engelsche namen van planten. In: De Flora van Nederland deel 1. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Krüssmann, Gerd (1976,1977,1978) Handbuch der Laubgehölze. Band I/III. Berlin, Hamburg. {min. LNV}.

Landolt, Elias (1969) Unsere Alpenflora. Wallisellen.

Landwehr, J. ed (1982) Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

Lange, J.E. de et al. (1983) Flora van Belgi , het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden. Nationale Plantentuin van Belgi . Meise.

Macura, P. (1979) Elsevier's dictionary of botany. I. plant names in English, French, German, Latin and Russian. Amsterdam etc.

Marzell, Heinrich: (1943 - 1973) Wörterbuch der deutschen Pflanzennamen. Leipzig Stuttgart  (5 volumes).
One of the most comprehensive sources with more than 128,000 names (mostly German). Not only covers the German names, but also refers to many, many other European languages. The original edition was available for 1980 DM, but it is now available as a (very good quality) reprint for less than 300 DM.

Nijdam, J. (1961) Tuinbouwkundig woordenboek in acht talen. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, 's Gravenhage. {CBS}

Oberdorfer,E. (1979) Pflanzensoziologischen Exkursions Flora. Stuttgart.

Olbrich, G. (z.j.) Zier und Blütenstraücher. Hannover etc.

Rothmahler, W. (1976) Exkursionsflora für die Gebiete der DDR und der BRD. Kritischer Band. Berlin.

Schubert, R. & G. Wagner (1975) Pflanzennamen und botanische Fachwörter. Neumann Verlag. Radebeul. {min. LNV}

Thommen, E. (1973) Taschenatlas der schweizer Flora. Basel & Stuttgart.

Vaucher, H. Elsevier's dictionary of trees and shrubs in Latin, English, French, German, Italian. Amsterdam etc. 1986

Wendt, A. (1952) Die Aquarienpflanzen in Wort und Bild. Stuttgart.

Williams, G.H. (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Western Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc.

Williams, G. & H. Hunyadi (1982) Elsevier's dictionary of weeds of Eastern Europe, their common names and importance in Latin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, English, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat and Slovak. Danish, German, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Italian, Dutch, Norvegian, Portuguese and Swedish. Amsterdam etc.

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html
 

Gibraltarian (Llanito): [6]

Greek: [114]

Polunin, O. 'Flowers of Greece and the Balkans' (Roman alphabet), Oxford University Press, 1987

Sfikas, George. 'Wild flowers of Greece'  Efstathiadis group, 1976.  Colourful pocket book with descriptions of plants, photo or drawing and habitat. Next to the Latin name one finds a Greek plant name which is either the common or the translation of the latin one. Has been translated in English and probably to other languages too. The English edition gives an English common name (or translated Latin) also.

Sfikas, George. 'Trees and Shrubs of Greece' Efstathiadis group, 1978. Comments as above.

Giannopolitis, K., E. Paspatis, S. Byzantinopoulos  'Weed Control Guide Part 4'  Hellenic Herbicide Society, 1985.
Contains a table of Greek 'Proposed Common Names' for plants harmful in crops, plus Latin and (where possible) English names. The authors are well-known as specialists in herbicides and weed control. ('Proposed Common Name' means the one common Greek name (from many local synonyms) proposed by the authors as standard, for universal use on herbicide labels.)

Zerlentis, Prof. K. 'Systemic Botany Part 3' Agricultural University of Athens, 1976. The best and most extensive comparative list. Lists common Greek-to-Latin and vice versa. Thought to be long out of print.
 

H

Hungarian (Magyar): [23]

Priszter, Sz. (1986): Növényneveink. Magyar-latin szógyûjtemény. Mezõgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 191. (Title translates as "Our Plant Names". Hungarian-Latin collection of vocables.)

Simon, T. (1992): A magyarországi edényes flóra határozója. Harasztok - virágos növények. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest. pp. 892. (Title translates as "Identification book of the Hungarian Vascular Flora. Pterydophytes - Flowering Plants")

Priszter, Sz. (1983): Arbores fruticesque Europae. Vocabularium octo linguis redactum. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 300.

Priszter, Sz. (1998): Növényneveink. Mezõgazda, Budapest. pp. 547. (Title translates as "Our Plant Names".)

Icelandic (Íslenska) [2322]:

Kristinsson, H. 'Flowering Plants and Ferns of Iceland' Örn og Örlygur, Reykjavik 1987

Wolseley, P. 'A field Key to the Flowering Plants of Iceland' The Thule Press 1979

Mosberg, Bo, Lennart Stenberg 'Den Nordiske Floran'. ISBN 91-46-14833-7

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

I

Irish Gaelic (Gaeilge): [983]+[1258]

Williams, Nicholas.J.A. 'Over the sea to Skye: Celtic plant-names around the Irish Sea', Watsonia (Journal of the Botanical Society of the British Isles), Vol. 21, part 1, February 1996

Williams, Nicholas.J.A. 'Blátha is Luibheanna' An unpublished text in Irish on the folklore of Irish plants

Williams, Nicholas.J.A. Díolaim Luibheanna ["a selection of herbs/plants"], Sáirséal - Ó Marcaigh, Dublin 1993, xvii + 195.

Forey, Pamela & Cecilia Fitzsimons, Eolaí Póca: Bláthanna Fiáine ["Wild flowers"] translated by Dónall Ó Cuill, An Gúm [Irish Govt. Publisher]
Forey, Pamela Eolaí Póca: Crainn ["Trees"] translated by Maitiú Ó Murchú. An Gúm [Irish Govt. Publisher]
Forey, Pamela Eolaí Póca: Biaphlandaí ["Edible Plants"] translated by Nicholas Williams. An Gúm [Irish Govt Publlsher]
Forey, Pamela Eolaí Póca: Luibheanna Leighis ["Medicinal Plants"] translated by Nicholas Williams. An Gúm [Irish Govt Publisher]

Ó Curraoin, P.L. Féara agus Bánta Éireann ["Grasses and Fields of Ireland"]  An Gúm, 1991. Contains a list of the names of the Gramineae occurring in Ireland along with the official names in both English and Irish.

Nelson, E. Charles & Wendy F. Walsh, Trees of Ireland Native and Naturalized, Lilliput Press Dublin 1993 (contains Irish names and a discussion of folklore.)

Nelson, E. Charles  reprint 1988 (Boethius Press, Kilkenny, Ireland) of Caleb Threlkeld's Synopsis Styrpium Hibernicarum (1726, 1727). This was the first Irish flora and contains many Irish names. Nelson's limited edition reprint has a section on the Irish names by Donal Synnott, director of the National Botanical Gardens in Glasnevin.

Edmund Hogan, S.J., Luibhleabhrán: Irish and Scottish Gaelic names of herbs, plants, trees, etc. Dublin (1900)

Michael F. Moloney, Luibh-sheanchus: Irish Ethno-botany and the evolution of medicine in Ireland. Dublin (1919)

Seán Tóibín, Blátha an Bhóthrín ['Flowers of the Boreen'] Dublin (2nd ed. 1965)

Seán Tóibín, Trosán na mBánta: Aistí simplí ar na crainn choitianta dúchais ['Simple essays on the common native trees'] Dublin (1967)

Máirín Uí Chonchubhair, Flóra Chorca Dhuibhne: Aspects of the Flora of Corca Dhuibhne [in West Kerry]. Baile an Fheirtéaraigh [Ballyferriter, Co. Kerry] (1995)

Italian (Italiano) [3329]:

Durheim, Carl Jakob, 1856. Schweizerisches Pflanzen-Idiotikon. Ein Wörterbuch von Pflanzenbennungungen in den verschiedenen Mundarten der deutschen, franzö sischen und italienischen Schweiz, nebst deren lateinischen, französischen un deutschen Namen. Reprint 1990 Vaduz, Liechtenstein. [names in Schwyzertütsch (German Swiss), French, Rheto-Romansh and Italian]

Davies, P. & J. Davies & A. Huxley, 'Wild Orchids of Britain & Europe'. Hogarth Press, London 1988

Penzig O. 'Flora popolare italiana'

Pignatti S. 'Flora d'Italia'. Calderini. Bologna 1982.

Polunin, O. (1969) 'Flowers of Europe'. London.

Landolt & Urbanska, 'Our Alpine Flora' SAC Publications 1989

Landwehr, J. ed (1982) Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

Tozzetti, Ottaviano Targioni. (1858). Dizionario botanico italiano che comprende i nomi volgari italiani, specialmente toscani e vernacoli delle piante. Firenze.

J

K

L

Ladin (of the Dolomites) [230]: (from the five valleys around the Sella massif in the Italian Dolomites)
Ladin has five dialects, from each of the 5 valleys (the place names are given in Italian/German):
Gherdëina from Val Gardena/Gröden
Val Badia from Val Badia/Gadertal
Fascia from Val di Fassa/Fassatal
Fedom from Livinallongo/Buchenstein
Anpezo from Ampezzo
In some of these valleys there are further variants. All the forms of Ladin are neolatin languages and together with Friulan and Romansh in Switzerland they are also known as the Rhaeto-Romance languages. Further information on the Ladin language from the Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü

Demetz Karl and Wanker Josef, (1999) "Flora y Fauna dla Dolomites", Athesia - with names of plants (and animals) in Ladin Gherdëina as well as Latin, German and Italian names.

Latvian:

Letzeburghish:

Liechtenstein (an Alemannic dialect):

Ligurian:

Lithuanian:

Butkus V., Jaskonis, Urbonas & Cervokas. "Mazieji misko turtai, Vaisiniai augalai, Vaistiniai augalai, Grybai". 'Mokslas', Vilnius 1987. Horticultural crops, herbaceous plants, shrubs and woody plants and fungi.

Lusatian:

Lusatian (or Wendish or Sorbian) is a Slavonic language spoken in Lusatia (German Lausitz), a region of Germany south of Berlin round the two cities of Bautzen and Cottbus on the Upper Spree. It is virtually extinct but was fostered by the E. German regime as it is related to Russian and Polish.

M

Macedonian:

Maltese: [1408]

Lanfranco, G.G. 'Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Malta' Malta 1977

Haslam, Sell & Wolseley, 'A Flora of the Maltese Islands' Malta University Press 1977

Sultana, Joe and Victor Falzon 'Wildlife of the Maltese Islands', Floriana Malta 1996 ISBN 9 9909-66-02-1 (Scientific, English and Maltese names)

Manx [38]:

Farraha, Douglas. 'The Manx Have a Word for It'

Garrad, Larch S. article "Some Manx plant-lore" in R. Vickery, Plant-Lore Studies, Folklore Society: Mistletoe Series volume 18 (1984) 75 -83.

Mallorquin (a dialect of Catalan):

Monaco:

N

Norwegian [596]:

Internet

Lid, J. and Lid, D.T. The Norwegian Flora", 1994. Edited by Reidar Elven. 6th.Edition. Published by "Det Norske Samlaget", Oslo.

Nilsen, Lennart 'Vascular Plants on Svalbard.' www 1997.

Landwehr, J. ed (1982) Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

Mosberg, Bo, Lennart Stenberg. 'Den Nordiske Floran'. ISBN 91-46-14833-7 (the Swedish edition contains Swedish names).

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

O

Occitan [0]: (Provence in France, and the Val d'Aran in Spain)

"Occitan is the current term for what was previously called Provençal. It is the indigenous language of France south of the Gironde. The name Occitan refers to the way in which the word for 'yes' was oc (Langue d'oc) from Latin hoc rather than oil, oui from Latin hoc illud (Langue d'oil). Occitan is the largest minority language in W. Europe but is really French and is spoken only in a tiny part of Alpine Italy." N.J.A.Williams, pers. comm.

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Saule, Marcel. 'La grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées'. Randonées Pyrenées & Editions Milan. Common names in French, Aragonais, Catalan, Euskera & Occitan. ISBN 2.86726.739.0 (Randonées Pyrénées) and ISBN 2.905521.47.3 (Editions Milan)

Trinquier, Pierre, Ed Lacour-Colporteur, Nimes, (1997), "Les herbes d'Oc et leurs vertus",  ISBN non mentionné. 700 espèces et 5000 noms en occitan.

Occitano [0]: Cuneo Province in Italy
 

P

Polish [900]:

MIREK Z.,PIEKOS-MIRKOWA H., ZAJAC A., ZAJAC M. 'Vascular plants of Poland, a checklist' issued: 1995. Published, sold and distributed by W.Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences. Mail: Lubicz 46,PL-31-512 Krakow, Poland.

Portuguese (Português): [1102]

Coutinho, A.X.P. (1939) Flora de Portugal (plantas vasculares) 2ª ed. Bertrand Irmãos. Lisboa.

Feijão, R. d'O. (1960, 1961 e 1963) Elucidário Fitológico. Vol. 1-3. Instituto Botânico de Lisboa.

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Polunin & Smythies, 'Flowers of South-West Europe' Oxford University Press 1973.

Rocha, F. (1996) Nomes Vulgares de Plantas Existentes em Portugal. Direcção Geral de Protecção das Culturas. Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas.

Sampaio, G. (1947) Flora Portuguesa. Porto.

Wuerpel, Charles. 'The Algarve Province of Portugal', 1974.

D. Rivera Núñez. La guía incafo de las plantas útiles y venenosas de la peninsula ibérica y baleares. Ed. Incafo S.A.. Madrid. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano, Eusquera, Alemán, Francés, Gallego, Ingles, Portugués) ISBN 84-85389-83-2

Q

R

Roumanian:

Beldie, Al. et al., 1968. Dic?ionar etnobotanic cuprizînd denumirile populare române?ti ?i în alte limbi ale plantelor din România. Acad. Republicii Socialiste România.

Romancio/Romansch (a Romanic language closely related to Ladin and Friulian spoken in Kanton Graubünden, Switzerland):

Landolt & Urbanska, 'Our Alpine Flora' SAC Publications 1989

Durheim, Carl Jakob, 1856. Schweizerisches Pflanzen-Idiotikon. Ein Wörterbuch von Pflanzenbennungungen in den verschiedenen Mundarten der deutschen, franzö sischen und italienischen Schweiz, nebst deren lateinischen, französischen un deutschen Namen. Reprint 1990 Vaduz, Liechtenstein. [names in Schwyzertütsch (German Swiss), French, Rheto-Romansh and Italian]

Russian (Russki): [1186]

S

Sami (Lapp):

A group of three very distinct dialects or languages.

Sardinian (Sarda) [40]:

Peppino, Congia, 1998. Dizionario botanico sardo. Ed. Zonza.

Wagner, May Leopold, 1989. Dizionario etimologico sardo. Gianni Trois, editore, Cagliari. (Sardinian plant names in vol. 3: 455-463).

Scottish Gaelic: [2258]

Macleod, Iseabail. 'The Pocket Guide to Scottish Words', Richard Drew, 1986

Williams, N.J.A. Over the sea to Skye: Celtic plant-names around the Irish Sea, Watsonia (Journal of the Botanical Society of the British Isles), Vol. 21, part 1, February 1996

Serbian (Srpski jezik) (see also 'Yugoslav' below): [5261]

Sicilian (Siciliano): [2272]

Slovak:

Slovene (Slovenscina): [486]

Martincic, A. & Susnik, F. "Mala flora Slovenije. Praprotnice in semenke". Ljubljana (may contain Slovenian vernacular names.)

Spanish, Castillian (Castellano): [9672]

Cáceres, M.T, & Salas, M. 'Los Nombres de las Plantas Canarias'. (1995).Cabildo de G.Canaria.

Castroviejo, S. et al (eds). 'Flora Iberica'. 1986 vols 1-8 to date. Real Jardin Botanico CSIC. Madrid. Common names in Castillian, Catalan, Galician, Euskera and Portuguese. INCOMPLETE at Dec 1986.

Ceballos, A. Diccionario ilustrado de los nombres vernáculos de las plantas en España. (1998). Editorial Andriala.

Ceballos, Fernandez Casas, F. Garmendia 'Plantas Silvestres de la Peninsula Iberica'. (1980) Guias de la Naturaleza: (H. Blume Ediciones) "and other modern works."

Chica, M.& Fernández, C. 'Nombres Castellanos de Plantas Vasculares en el Colmeiro'. (1993).Fac.Ciencias Jaén.

Font-Quer, P. 'Plantas Medicinales - el Dioscórides Renovado.' Editorial Labor, S.A. (1978). Common names in Castillian, with some in Catalan, Portuguese and Galician, Euskera, and Occitan.

Kunkel, G. 'Diccionario Botanico Canario'. (1986). Edirca.

Molesworth Allen, B. 'A selection of Wildflowers of Southern Spain' Mirador Books 1993

Morales, Ramón (ed.). Archivos de Flora Ibérica. Nombres Vulgares II. Real Jardín Botánico. CSIC

D. Rivera Núñez. La guía incafo de las plantas útiles y venenosas de la peninsula ibérica y baleares. Ed. Incafo S.A.. Madrid. 1991 (Catalán, Castellano, Eusquera, Alemán, Francés, Gallego, Ingles, Portugués) ISBN 84-85389-83-2

Polunin & Smythies, 'Flowers of South-West Europe' Oxford University Press 1973.

Rico & MaSimó, 'Flores de Asturias' Alkvarex-Reira, 1995

Straka, Haeupler, Lorens Garcia & Orell, 'Guide to the flora of Majorca' Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart & New York 1987

Wilkom & Lange 'Prodromus Florae Hispanicae'. Vol III M. (1880) from the index pp1118-1144. "Gives the Spanish names and relevant page numbers. In the other volumes they also give the local names in the text under the plant name."

Swedish (Svenska): [6324]

Mosberg, Bo & Lennart Stenberg, 'Den Nordiske Floran'. ISBN 91-46-14833-7

List of Swedish plant names, from Project Runeberg (World Wide Web, at http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/nordflor/), 1996

Karlsson, Thomas 'Checklista över Nordens kärlväxter' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/chk/chk3.htm

'Den virtuella floran' http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html

Landwehr, J. ed (1982). 'Les orchidees sauvages de Suisse et d'Europe'. PIANTANIDA Lausanne, Suisse.

Lyttkens, A. 1904-1915. 'Svenska vaxtnamn' 1-3. - Facsimil 1981, W. Ekstrad, Lund. (good for older Swedish names)

Switzerland

Durheim, Carl Jakob, 1856. Schweizerisches Pflanzen-Idiotikon. Ein Wörterbuch von Pflanzenbennungungen in den verschiedenen Mundarten der deutschen, franzö sischen und italienischen Schweiz, nebst deren lateinischen, französischen un deutschen Namen. Reprint 1990 Vaduz, Liechtenstein. [names in Schwyzertütsch (German Swiss), French, Rheto-Romansh and Italian]

Desfayes, Michel, 2002. Noms dialectaux des végétaux du Valais romand. Bulletin de la Murithienne 120: 57-111. Sion, Suisse.

T

Turkish : [816]

U

V

Vlaams (Belgian Dutch): [0]

Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten, deel III Algemene woordenschat, Aflevering 3 : Flora, door Tineke De Pauw m.m.v. Jacques Van Keymeulen en Har Brok. Vakgroep Nederlandse Taalkunde, Universiteit Gent. Tongeren 2002.
ISBN 90 74273 18 1 (673 blz, 172 kaarten, 272 illustraties)  40,00€, publicatie 4 oktober 2002.
Covers  roughly the region delimited by the river Scheldt (Schelde) to the North.

Woordenboek van de Brabantse Dialecten, (WBD), deel III, Algemene Woordenschat, sectie 4, afl. 3, Flora, door Jos Swanenberg m.m v. Har Brok. Assen 2002.
ISBN 90 232 3829 X (526 blz., 159 kaarten, 260 illustraties) 65,00€, publicatie 4 oktober 2002.
Covers roughly the region between Scheldt (Schelde) to the south and Maas and Rhine (Rijn) in the North. By language, the provinces of Brabant and Antwerp in Belgium en NoordBrabant in The Netherlands constitute one set of similar "Flemish dialects".

Woordenboek van de Limburgse Dialecten, (WLD), deel III, Algemene Woordenschat, sectie 4, afl. 3, Flora, door Joep Kruijsen m.m v. Har Brok. Assen 2002.
ISBN 90 232 3828 1 (416 blz., 184 kaarten, 260 illustraties) 47,50€, publicatie 4 oktober 2002.
Covers the Province of Limburg in Belgium and the Province of the same name in The Netherlands.

W

Waals (Wallonian) [0]:

---

Walser [0]: (Piedmont in Italy, around Monte Rosa - environs of Alagna Valesisia and St Moritz, Switzerland)

Welsh (Cymraeg) [2306]:

Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd, [The Welsh Naturalist Society]. produces biannual magazine in Welsh "Y Naturiethwr" [the Naturalist]

 www.cymdeithasedwardllwyd.com

www.canolfanedwardllwyd.com

Cymdeithas Edward llwyd wedi cynhyrchu Rhestr o enwau planhigion.

Enwau Planhigion Blodeuol, Rhedyn a Chonwydd (2003). 

Ellis, R.G. 'Flowering Plants of Wales', National Museum of Wales 1983

Hyde, Wade & Harrison 'Welsh Ferns', National Museum of Wales 1969

Wynne, G. 'Flora of Flintshire', Gee & Son, Denbigh 1993

Wade, Kay & Ellis 'Flora of Glamorgan', HMSO 1994

Trueman, Morton & Wainwright 'The Flora of Montgomeryshire', Monts Field Society & Monts Wildlife Trust 1995.

Davies, Dewi. 'Welsh Place-Names and Their Meanings', Dewi Davies, 19??

Davies, Dafydd, and Jones, Arthur. Enwau Cymraeg Ar Blanhigion. Welsh Names of Wild Flowers, National Museum of Wales, 1995 (pp. 101-152 supplied as a computer file by R. Gwynn Ellis.) a comprehensive trilingual dictionary of Welsh English and Latin.

Planhigion Cymru a'r Byd. D Hayes (1995).

X

Y

'Yugoslav'(see 'Serbian' and 'Croat' above): [87]

Z